Spanish all-in-one for dummies pdf download

Likewise, although ustedes is usually abbreviated Uds. Vosotros vosotras versus Uds. Vosotros and vosotras are informal familiar plural subject pronouns expressing you. The vosotros vosotras form is used primarily in Spain to address more than one friend, rela- tive, child, or pet — the informal, plural form of you. You use vosotros when speaking to a group of males or to a combined group of males and females.

Do you understand me? You are very nice. He plays the guitar while she dances. Ellos versus ellas Ellos they refers to more than one male or to a combined group of males and females, no matter the number of each gender present. Ellas refers to a group of females only: Juan y Jorge Ellos escuchan. Juan and Jorge [They] listen. Luz y Susana Ellas escuchan. Luz and Susana [They] listen.

Juan and Luz [They] listen. The boy and 1, girls [They] listen. Nosotros refers to more than one male or to a com- bined group of males and females, no matter the number of each gender present. Nosotras refers to a group of females only: Jorge y yo Nosotros jugamos al tenis. Jorge and I [We] play tennis. Ana y yo Nosotras jugamos al tenis. Ana and I [We] play tennis. In Spanish, however, you use subject pro- nouns a lot less frequently because the verb ending generally indicates the subject.

If you look ahead to the section that follows, you notice that a verb ending in -o must have the sub- ject yo no matter the infinitive ending -ar, -er, -ir because no other verb has an -o ending.

Let me introduce you to my friend Marta. She speaks Spanish. To avoid confusion, you regularly use the subject pronoun Ud. Do you [he, she] speak Spanish? Habla bien. My boyfriend speaks Spanish. He speaks well. Do you speak Spanish? They [You] sing well. Cantan bien. My cousins are in the chorus. They sing well. You sing well, too. We watch tele- vision every day. Shall I prepare dinner now? How long have you been studying Spanish? Defining regular verbs Most verbs are fairly well behaved.

They follow the rules. So, what exactly do we mean by conjugation? Most verbs are regu- lar, which means that all verbs with the same infinitive ending follow the same rules of conjugation.

Do you earn enough money? Ellos deciden quedarse en casa. They decide to stay home. For your reference, the following tables list many regu- lar verbs that follow this easy conjugation in the present. You conjugate the nosotros and vosotros forms in the normal fashion their stems resemble the infinitive. Check out Figure to see what we mean.

You use some verbs with stem changes in the present tense impersonally, in the third-person singular only: Hiela.

Another verb conjugated like dormir is morir to die. Habituar to accustom someone to is another verb that fits into this category. This stem change is adding a y after the u. For instance, concluir to conclude changes to yo concluyo nosotros concluimos. This shift is nothing to be overly concerned about because the change occurs only in the first-person singular yo form of the verb.

In the present tense, verbs with the endings listed in Table undergo spelling changes. Here are the verbs with spelling changes in the present tense that you can expect to encounter most often: Spanish Verb Meaning aparecer to appear conocer to know to be acquainted with merecer to deserve, merit obedecer to obey parecer to seem producir to produce reconocer to recognize Double or nothing: Verbs with two changes A few Spanish verbs have both a spelling change and a stem change in the present tense.

You must conjugate these verbs to accommodate both changes. Table lists these verbs. We cover the three categories of irregular present tense verbs in the following sections: those that are irregular only in the yo form, those that are irregular in all forms except nosotros and vosotros, and those that are completely irregular. Irregular yo forms In the present tense, some verbs are irregular only in the first-person singular yo form. You conjugate the other verb forms in the regular fashion: by dropping the infinitive ending -ar, -er, or -ir and adding the ending that corresponds to the subject.

I give her a watch and he gives her earrings. I put on a coat and he puts on a sweater. I have to work now. Completely well, almost irregular verbs The verbs in Table are irregular in all or most of their forms in the present tense. High-frequency expressions that use dar include the following: Expression Meaning dar un abrazo a to hug, to embrace dar las gracias a to thank dar un paseo to take a walk Here is an example: Ellos dan un paseo por el parque.

They take a walk in the park. The weather is bad today. Hacemos un viaje a Puerto Rico. We are taking a trip to Puerto Rico. I have a headache. They are right. Vas a dejar caer el vaso. Be careful! You are going to drop the glass. You, the subject, are doing something to or for yourself.

In English, reflexive actions become a little fuzzy, because so much is considered to be understood. Spanish, however, delineates reflexive action by requiring the use of a reflexive verb. When creating a reflexive verb construction, you need a sub- ject, a reflexive pronoun, and a verb. When you conjugate reflexive verbs in English, you place the pronouns in front of the conjugated verb. Are you wondering how to recognize a reflexive verb?

That -se ending shows that the reflexive verb has a reflexive pronoun as its direct or indirect object see Chapter 2. The subject of a reflexive verb, like subjects with other verbs, may be omitted. Whether you use or imply the subject, however, the subject and its reflexive pronoun must refer to the same person or thing: Yo Me llamo Gloria.

My name is Gloria. We get up. Reflexive pronouns are exactly the same as direct and indi- rect object pronouns except for the third-person singular and plural se forms. Because you use se when double object pronouns appear in a sentence as we cover in Chapter 2 , remembering to use it as the reflexive pronoun should be rela- tively easy.

Table shows reflexive verbs and the reflexive pronoun for each subject. Depending on what you want to say, a verb may have both a reflexive and a non- reflexive form. Well, a reflexive verb requires that the subject act upon itself. What if, however, that subject acts upon someone or something else? Look carefully at the examples that follow: Ella se lava. She washes herself.

Ella lava a su perro. She washes her dog. He prepares the meal. He prepares himself. The following table presents many common reflexive verbs letters in parentheses indicate a spelling change. Do you often get angry? No, no me enojo a menudo. No me enojo nunca. I never get angry. In sentences with two verbs that follow one subject as in the first two examples that follow or in sentences with a present participle see the second two examples here and the fol- lowing section , you have the choice of placing the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb or after and attached to the infinitive or the present participle.

When you attach the pronoun to a present participle, an accent is required on the stressed vowel. No Voy a maquillarme. No Me voy a maquillar. I am [not] putting on my make-up. No Me estoy maquillando. I am [not] putting on my make-up Making Progress with the Present Progressive You can use the simple present tense to describe a current action or an action that you perform on a regular basis.

To form the present progressive, you need a form of estar to be and a present participle. We explain both parts of this equation in the following sections. Understanding present participles Present participles are verb forms that end in -ing. By studying, he passed his test. That girl playing the piano is my sister. A Spanish present participle, unlike an English gerund -ing verb acting as a noun , may not be used as a noun subject.

Spanish uses the infinitive form instead. Swimming is my favor- ite pastime. Forming the present participles of regular verbs Forming participles of regular verbs is quite easy, because participles have only one form. The following table shows these changes for some example verbs: Ending Verb Meaning Pres.

Participle Meaning -ar hablar to speak hablando speaking -er aprender to learn aprendiendo learning -ir escribir to write escribiendo writing Be careful! Yes, you have to memorize them in case you need to use them; at least you only have to worry about three! The child is sleeping. Estamos escuchando. We are listening. You also discover how to form and place adverbs within Spanish sentences. We also include an explanation on how to compare and contrast people, places, things, ideas, and activities.

Finally, we intro- duce you to common Spanish prepositions and explain how to select the most appropriate preposition for your sentences, and how to use special pronouns that follow prepositions. Adding Color with Adjectives The function of an adjective is to describe a noun or pronoun so that your audience gains a better understanding of what that noun or pronoun is like.

Is the house big? You should use adjectives frequently so that people will have the most information about, and the best possible understanding of, what you want to describe. The following sections show you how to use adjectives by discussing their agreement and positioning in sentences. Making adjectives agree Unlike in English, where adjectives have only one form, Spanish adjectives agree in gender masculine or feminine and number singular or plural with the nouns they describe.

When the noun or pronoun is changed from masculine to fem- inine, the adjective describing it must also be changed from masculine to feminine. When the noun or pronoun is changed from singular to plural, its verb and any adjectives describing it must also be changed from singular to plural. The gender of adjectives Spanish adjectives that end in -o, like most nouns, are mas- culine. In some instances, however, masculine adjectives end in another vowel and maybe even in a consonant; see the following section.

As you may expect, a masculine, sin- gular adjective ending in -o forms its feminine counterpart by changing -o to -a. The following table lists many common adjectives that you may find especially useful in Spanish.

My cousin Jaime is shy, and my cousin Francisca is shy, too. Exceptions to the rules Every rule has some exceptions. In Spanish, masculine, sin- gular adjectives may end in -a, -e, or a consonant other than -or. Ana is nice, and Pablo is nice, too. And the adjectives in Table end in consonants and undergo no change for gender. My father is young, and my mother is young, too. In Spanish, some adjectives of nationality with a masculine form that ends in a consonant add -a to form the feminine.

Fritz is German, and Heidi is German, too. Carlota es trabajadora, pero su hermano no es traba- jador. The plural of adjectives You have to follow two basic rules to form the plural of adjec- tives in Spanish.

My sister and my brothers are blond. Most adjectives follow the noun. The placement depends on the type of adjective being used, the connotation the speaker wants to convey, and the emphasis being used. And sometimes, when more than one adjective describes a noun, the rules for placement vary according to the type of adjectives being used.

For example, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, and adjectives of quantity precede the noun they modify, whereas descriptive adjectives gener- ally follow the noun they modify. The following sections dig deeper into these topics. Adjectives that follow the noun In Spanish, most descriptive adjectives follow the noun they modify. We have good memories of her party. In this example, the speaker is emphasizing the quality of the memories.

Shortening certain adjectives Some Spanish adjectives get shortened in certain situations. Does a person run very quickly? Is her house very big? You use adverbs to express the manner in which things are done. Forming adverbs Many English adverbs end in -ly, and the equivalent Spanish ending is -mente. To form an adverb in Spanish, you add -mente to the feminine singular form of an adjective.

Unlike adjectives, which require agreement in gender and number with the noun they describe, adverbs require no agreement because they modify a verb and not a noun or pronoun. He enters quickly, and she leaves quickly. Adverbial phrases Sometimes, forming an adverb in Spanish by using the femi- nine singular form of the adjective is quite awkward. She speaks with respect [respectfully]. Table lists some of the most frequently used expressions that fit this description.

He speaks Spanish rather well. Positioning of adverbs You generally place adverbs directly after the verb they modify. Do you speak Spanish eloquently? Fortunately, I received the package. Making Comparisons You generally make comparisons by using adjectives or adverbs.

You can make comparisons of equality or inequality, and you can use superlatives. Expressing equality Comparisons of equality show that two things or people are the same. Dolores is as conscientious as Jorge. She studies as diligently as he does. Comparisons of inequality Comparisons of inequality show that two things or people are not the same.

Diego is more [less] talkative than I. Diego talks more [less] than I. Best of all: The superlative The superlative shows that something or someone is the best or worst of its, his, or her kind. She is the tallest in her class. She pre- pares the best paella in the world. Now for the adverbs. He accepts criticism more [less] patiently than others. Table displays all the changes that these adjectives undergo. Ella cocina peor que yo. She cooks worse than I do. The absolute superlative The absolute superlative expresses the ultimate; you use it when no comparison is made.

The cathedral is very beautiful. Los edificios son muy altos. The buildings are very tall. The house is very large. I adore you very much. The pie is very tasty. The sweater is very long. The judge is very shrewd. Linking with Prepositions Think of prepositions as words that join different words, clauses, or phrases.

We list the most useful Spanish prepositions in Table The following section explains when to use which word, and then we explain which prepositions and verbs go together. Selecting the correct preposition Sometimes, selecting the correct preposition to use in a sen- tence can be tricky because some prepositions have more than one meaning.

Take a, for example, which can mean to or at; en, which can mean at or in; and por and para, which can both mean for. Fortunately, Spanish has some rules that can help you understand when the more common prepositions are appropriate. Wait at the entrance. Do it by hand. You can buy it for pesos. We are looking for Mr. De Another preposition with several meanings is de which con- tracts with the definite article el to become del. Madrid is the capital of Spain.

En The preposition en can mean in, by, or on. They enter the bank. They are traveling by plane. Drive to the traffic light. See you later. Por and para both mean for in English. We are leaving for Madrid. This is for you. I swim to have fun. For her age, she reads well. They walk through the streets. He sleeps in the afternoon.

I am signing it on your behalf. They pay me per day. You use por to express for after the verbs enviar to send , ir to go , mandar to order, send , preguntar to ask , regresar to return , venir to come , and volver to return.

Here is an example: Ven Regresa, Vuelve por tu libro. Come [Return, Come back] for your book. They are going to the capital by train. Using prepositions with verbs The only verb form in the Spanish language that may follow a preposition is an infinitive. Some Spanish verbs require the preposition a, de, en, or con before the infinitive. The following sections break down all the categories for you. Spanish verbs requiring a Generally, verbs that express beginning, motion, teaching, or learning take a.

However, many other verbs use this preposi- tion before an infinitive. Table shows which Spanish verbs call for the use of a before the infinitive. The children hurry to arrive on time. Spanish verbs requiring de The list of verbs requiring de before an infinitive is much shorter than the list for those verbs requiring a. Table lists the Spanish verbs that are followed by de before an infinitive. My best friend stopped smoking. Spanish verbs requiring en The list of verbs that require en before an infinitive is even shorter than the others, thankfully!

Why do you insist on leaving now? I am dreaming about going out with him. I know how to knit. Using the right pronoun after a preposition You must use certain special Spanish pronouns after preposi- tions. The prepositional pronoun acts as the object of a prepo- sition and always follows the preposition.

This letter is for me, not for her. I play tennis with him, not with her. Can you go to the movies with me? No puedo ir contigo. And, of course, many people have questions for you that you need to provide Spanish answers for. With the help of this chapter, you can become proficient at not only asking questions but also giving appropriate answers to the questions others ask you.

Is that all right? Are you thirsty? Are they coming today? Intonation Intonation is by far the easiest way to ask a question in Spanish. When writing, you just write down your thought and put question marks before and after it. Do you want to drink something? Tenemos jugo. We have juice. Inversion Inversion means that you turn something around; you can invert anything from a picture to words in a sentence.

Is she going to drink tea? Do you want to eat? Does Luz prefer to eat meat? Do you want to eat something now? Sometimes you need to express nothing, nobody, or other negative ideas. The following sec- tions cover these topics in detail. Do you want to go out with me? Being negative The most common negative response to a question is a plain and simple no no, not. Other common negatives, which you may or may not use in conjunction with no, include the following: Spanish Negative English Equivalent ni.

I never under- stand what Miguel says. Unlike in English, double negatives are perfectly accept- able and sometimes even necessary in common usage for a Spanish sentence. Some sentences may even contain three negatives! I believe neither him nor her. If no is one of the negatives, it precedes the conjugated verb.

When no is omitted, the other negative precedes the conjugated verb. I never smoke. No one is coming. He never listens to anyone. What do you want? If the conjugated verb is preceded by a pronoun, put no before the pronoun. Does she have to study the verbs? No, Ella no los debe estudiar. Using ni. Each part of the ni. His car is neither big nor little. No puedo ni cocinar ni coser.

I can neither cook nor sew. Note that the English transla- tion of a Spanish negative may have an opposite meaning: Mi madre cocina mejor que nadie. My mother cooks better than anyone. She drives better than ever. They want to visit Spain more than anything. The feminine singular form is ninguna. No plural forms exist. Do you have any problems? No tengo problema ninguno. This construc- tion then follows the noun: No tiene ninguna mascota.

Question words requiring their opposite in the negative answers When used in questions, some words require that you use negative words of opposite meaning in the responses. Do you see something? No veo nada. Interrogative adjectives, interrogative adverbs, and interroga- tive pronouns are the tools that allow you to get all the facts you want and need. Find out how in the following sections.

How much? How much money do you need? How many dollars do they earn per hour? How much salt are you adding? How many hours do they work? What [Which] languages do you know how to speak? At what time does the train leave? Where to? How do you get to work? Where does your sister live? Where do the children want to go? How is this tool used? Why [For what purpose] do you use that brush? Uso esa brocha para pintar.

I use that brush to paint. Why [For what reason] is the child crying? Which one[s]? How many? Who is arriving? Raquel llega. Raquel is arriving. Raquel y Domingo llegan. Raquel and Domingo are arriving. Which of these blouses do you prefer?

Prefiero la roja. I prefer the red one. Prefiero las rojas. I prefer the red ones. What is your phone number? Which [one] of the two is better? What are the days of the week? How many are taking the test? How much is this car worth? What does this mean? About whom are you speaking? About what are you speaking? To whom is he referring? To what is he referring? What are they doing during the summer? Which film do you want to see? You use this verb imper- sonally both to ask and to answer the question you ask.

Where is there a good restaurant nearby? Providing Information This section is chock full of tips on how to answer questions that ask you for information in Spanish. How do you pre- pare that dish? Con mantequilla y crema. With butter and cream. How much does this car cost? How many eggs do you need? Una docena. A dozen. When does the film begin? En diez minutos. In 10 minutes. A las tres y media. En seguida. Where do you live? En Nueva York.

In New York. Where are they going? Van al estadio. They are going to the stadium. Where are you from? Soy de San Juan. For more on prepositions, head to Chapter 4. Whom are you waiting for? A mi novio. For my boyfriend. With whom do you live? Con mis abuelos. With my grandparents. What are you writing? Una carta. A letter. With what are you writing? With a ballpoint pen.

Or is it? The past tense can be a little murky in Spanish. In other cases, past action is a little vaguer. In order to effectively understand and use the different past tenses in Spanish, you need to become much more aware of their differences, and this chapter helps you do just that. Living in the Past In Spanish, several different tenses allow you to express past actions. One of them is the preterit, which expresses an action, event, or state of mind that occurred and was completed at a specific time in the past.

In the following sections, we explain how to form the preterit for regular, stem-changing, and irregular verbs and then tell you when to use it. We cover the imperfect tense later in the chapter. Forming the preterit of regular verbs Forming the preterit of regular verbs is rather easy, because although they have three different infinitive endings — -ar, -er, and -ir — you use only two different sets of endings for the preterit.

To form the preterit of regular verbs, you drop the -ar, -er, or -ir infinitive ending and add the preterit endings. I watched television. What did you receive? The nosotros preterit forms of -ar verbs and -ir verbs are the same as their present-tense forms: Nosotros hablamos.

We speak; We spoke. The following sections dive into these changes. I explained the problem. I arrived before them. I ate lunch with my friends. The tourist fell. Ellos no me creyeron. Did you read this?

No oyeron nada. They concluded their studies. Be careful, though! The change is different in the preterit tense than it is in the present. She preferred to stay home that day. Nosotros pedimos su ayuda. We asked for his help. Did you sleep well? They laughed at him. Some of these irregular verbs may be grouped according to the changes they undergo. Unfortunately, a small number of verbs are completely irregu- lar and must be memorized. Most irregular verbs fall into categories, which makes them easier to remember.

What did you say? At what time did they come? Yo no quise salir anoche. Los muchachos no hicieron nada. Did you know the answer? Lo puse en la mesa. I put it on the table. No pudieron hacerlo. Verbs with uv in the preterit stem Three Spanish verbs use uv before their preterit endings.

We walked to the theater. Ayer yo estuve en casa. Yesterday I was at home. Ella tuvo un catarro. She had a cold. Verbs with j in the preterit stem Some irregular Spanish verbs have a j in their preterit stems. Who drove? The preterit of dar and ver The Spanish verbs dar and ver have the same irregular pret- erit endings.

We took a walk in the park. What did you see? The preterit of ser and ir The two irregular verbs ser to be and ir to go have the exact same preterit forms. How can you tell which verb is being used in a sentence? You have to look at the context of the sentence. The highly irregular conjugations of these two verbs are as follows: ser to be ; ir to go : fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron The following examples show you how you can figure out the meaning of the verb in use: ir: Yo fui al mercado.

I went to the market. I was the first to finish the work. Using the preterit You can use the preterit tense in many ways to convey past actions, events, or states of mind. Last night we went to a party. I prepared dinner. I woke up, I bathed, and I got dressed before eating breakfast. Looking Back with the Imperfect The imperfect tense is vague and imprecise.

In English, you typically use the expres- sions used to or always to describe these actions. Forming the imperfect of regular verbs Just like the preterit, forming the imperfect of regular verbs is rather easy.

Although there are three different infinitive end- ings for regular verbs — -ar, -er, and -ir — you use only two different sets of endings to form the imperfect of these verbs.

The tourists were admiring the animals. The monkeys were eating peanuts. The tigers preferred to go to sleep. We were going to the restaurant. He was tall. They saw their friends on Fridays. I saw him every day. She used to travel a lot. We lived in Mexico. I was happy. The house was very big. It was cold. It was Monday. I wanted to understand it.

I was listening to music while my friend was watching television. I was listening to the radio when someone rang the doorbell.

Choosing the Preterit or the Imperfect The preterit tense expresses an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. You can represent such an event or action by drawing a dot. The imperfect tense, on the other hand, expresses a past action that continued over an indefinite period of time. You can represent such an action or event with a wavy line: It just kept moving and moving without an end in sight. In some instances, either the preterit or the imperfect is acceptable as a past tense.

The tense you use may depend on the meaning you want to convey. She studied. If you want to convey that the action was ongoing or continu- ous, you can say Ella estudiaba.

She was studying. Table presents many of these common words and expressions. Last night I stayed home. Finally, I finished it. Signaling the imperfect You often use the imperfect tense with words and expressions that imply habitual action or repetition in the past. Table lists many of these words and expressions. Siempre jugaban al tenis. They always played tennis. Creating the Present Perfect Each simple tense has a corresponding compound tense. A compound tense makes an action perfect or complete.

In English, for example, you eat in the present, but you have eaten in the present perfect. Begin with the present tense of the helping verb haber. Tack on the past participle of the main verb. Every verb has a past participle that expresses a completed action, such as taken, spoken, and danced. Forming the past participle in English has probably become second nature to you. Forming and using the past participles is equivalent to using -ed or -en endings in English.

Table shows examples of each type of verb. I have finished the letter. Ellos han empezado la casa nueva. They have started the new house.

She has read that novel. The past participle remains the same for every subject. He has told a lie and they have told the truth. You discover how to use the present tense to express a future action.

And you discover how to form the future of regular and irregular verbs, all with no spelling or stem changes! Talking about the Future without Using the Future Tense You can tell someone that something is going to happen in the future without knowing how to create the future tense of a Spanish verb. How cool is that? In the following sec- tions, we explain exactly when you can use these non-future constructions to convey the future.

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